d..
MLS Area Navigation (MLS/RNAV), which provides area navigation with reference to an MLS ground facility.

e..
LORAN‐C is a long‐range radio navigation system that uses ground waves transmitted at low frequency to provide user position information at ranges of up to 600 to 1,200 nautical miles at both en route and approach altitudes. The usable signal

coverage areas are determined by the signal‐to‐noise ratio, the envelope‐to‐cycle difference, and the geometric relationship between the positions of the user and the transmitting stations.
f. GPS is a space‐base radio positioning, navigation, and time‐transfer system. The system provides highly accurate position and velocity information, and precise time, on a continuous global basis, to an unlimited number of properly equipped users. The system is unaffected by weather, and provides a worldwide common grid reference system.
(See ICAO term AREA NAVIGATION.)
AREA NAVIGATION [ICAO]- A method of navigation which permits aircraft operation on any desired flight path within the coverage of station‐referenced navigation aids or within the limits of the capability of self‐contained aids, or a combination of these.
AREA NAVIGATION (RNAV) APPROACH CONFIGURATION:
a..
STANDARD T- An RNAV approach whose design allows direct flight to any one of three initial approach fixes (IAF) and eliminates the need for procedure turns. The standard design is to align the procedure on the extended centerline with the missed approach point (MAP) at the runway threshold, the final approach fix (FAF), and the initial approach/ intermediate fix (IAF/IF). The other two IAFs will be established perpendicular to the IF.

b..
MODIFIED T- An RNAV approach design for single or multiple runways where terrain or operational constraints do not allow for the standard

T.
 The “T” may be modified by increasing or decreasing the angle from the corner IAF(s) to the IF or by eliminating one or both corner IAFs.

c..
STANDARD I- An RNAV approach design for a single runway with both corner IAFs eliminated. Course reversal or radar vectoring may be required at busy terminals with multiple runways.

d..
TERMINAL ARRIVAL AREA (TAA)- The TAA is controlled airspace established in conjunction with the Standard or Modified T and I RNAV approach configurations. In the standard TAA, there are three areas: straight‐in, left base, and right base. The arc boundaries of the three areas of the TAA are published portions of the approach and allow aircraft to transition from the en route structure direct to the nearest IAF. TAAs will also eliminate or reduce

feeder routes, departure extensions, and procedure turns or course reversal.
1.
STRAIGHT‐IN AREA- A 30NM arc centered on the IF bounded by a straight line extending through the IF perpendicular to the intermediate course.

2..
LEFT BASE AREA- A 30NM arc centered on the right corner IAF. The area shares a boundary with the straight‐in area except that it extends out for 30NM from the IAF and is bounded on the other side by a line extending from the IF through the FAF to the arc.