時間：2011-04-18 00:47來源：藍(lán)天飛行翻譯 作者：航空 點擊：次
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2.VFR waypoint names (for computer.entry and flight plans) consist of five letters beginning with the letters “VP” and are retrievable from navigation databases. The VFR waypoint names are not intended to be pronounceable, and they are not for use in ATC communications. On VFR charts, stand.alone VFR waypoints will be portrayed using the same four.point star symbol used for IFR waypoints. VFR waypoints collocated with visual check points on the chart will be identified by small magenta flag symbols. VFR waypoints collocated with visual check points will be pronounceable based on the name of the visual check point and may be used for ATC communications. Each VFR waypoint name will appear in parentheses adjacent to the geographic location on the chart. Latitude/longitude data for all established VFR waypoints may be found in the appropriate regional Airport/Facility Directory (A/FD). 3.VFR waypoints shall not be used to plan flights under IFR. VFR waypoints will not be recognized by the IFR system and will be rejected for IFR routing purposes. 4.When filing VFR flight plans, pilots may use the five letter identifier as a waypoint in the route of flight section if there is an intended course change at that point or if used to describe the planned route of flight. This VFR filing would be similar to how a VOR would be used in a route of flight. Pilots must use the VFR waypoints only when operating under VFR conditions. 5.Any VFR waypoints intended for use during a flight should be loaded into the receiver while on the ground and prior to departure. Once airborne, pilots should avoid programming routes or VFR waypoint chains into their receivers. 6.Pilots should be especially vigilant for other traffic while operating near VFR waypoints. The same effort to see and avoid other aircraft near VFR waypoints will be necessary, as was the case with VORs and NDBs in the past. In fact, the increased accuracy of navigation through the use of GPS will 1.1.28 Navigation Aids demand even greater vigilance, as off.course deviations among different pilots and receivers will be less. When operating near a VFR waypoint, use whatever ATC services are available, even if outside a class of airspace where communications are required. Regardless of the class of airspace, monitor the available ATC frequency closely for information on other aircraft operating in the vicinity. It is also a good idea to turn on your landing light(s) when operating near a VFR waypoint to make your aircraft more conspicuous to other pilots, especially when visibility is reduced. See paragraph 7.5.2, VFR in Congested Areas, for more information. d. General Requirements 1. Authorization to conduct any GPS operation under IFR requires that: (a)GPS navigation equipment used must be approved in accordance with the requirements specified in Technical Standard Order (TSO) TSO.C129, or equivalent, and the installation must be done in accordance with Advisory Circular AC 20.138, Airworthiness Approval of Global Positioning System (GPS) Navigation Equipment for Use as a VFR and IFR Supplemental Navigation System, or Advisory Circular AC 20.130A, Airwor-thiness Approval of Navigation or Flight Management Systems Integrating Multiple Naviga-tion Sensors, or equivalent. Equipment approved in accordance with TSO.C115a does not meet the requirements of TSO.C129. Visual flight rules (VFR) and hand.held GPS systems are not authorized for IFR navigation, instrument ap-proaches, or as a principal instrument flight reference. During IFR operations they may be considered only an aid to situational awareness. (b)Aircraft using GPS navigation equipment under IFR must be equipped with an approved and operational alternate means of navigation appropriate to the flight. Active monitoring of alternative navigation equipment is not required if the GPS receiver uses RAIM for integrity monitoring. Active monitoring of an alternate means of navigation is required when the RAIM capability of the GPS equipment is lost. (c)Procedures must be established for use in the event that the loss of RAIM capability is predicted to occur. In situations where this is encountered, the AIM flight must rely on other approved equipment, delay departure, or cancel the flight. (d)The GPS operation must be conducted in accordance with the FAA.approved aircraft flight manual (AFM) or flight manual supplement. Flight crew members must be thoroughly familiar with the particular GPS equipment installed in the aircraft, the receiver operation manual, and the AFM or flight manual supplement. Unlike ILS and VOR, the basic operation, receiver presentation to the pilot, and some capabilities of the equipment can vary greatly. Due to these differences, operation of different brands, or even models of the same brand, of GPS receiver under IFR should not be attempted without thorough study of the operation of that particular receiver and installation. Most receivers have a built.in simulator mode which will allow the pilot to become familiar with operation prior to attempting operation in the aircraft. Using the equipment in flight under VFR conditions prior to attempting IFR operation will allow further familiarization. (e)Aircraft navigating by IFR approved GPS are considered to be area navigation (RNAV) aircraft and have special equipment suffixes. File the appropriate equipment suffix in accordance with TBL 5.1.2, on the ATC flight plan. If GPS avionics become inoperative, the pilot should advise ATC and amend the equipment suffix. (f)Prior to any GPS IFR operation, the pilot must review appropriate NOTAMs and aeronautical information. (See GPS NOTAMs/Aeronautical Information.)(g)Air carrier and commercial operators must meet the appropriate provisions of their approved operations specifications. e.Use of GPS for IFR Oceanic, Domestic En Route, and Terminal Area Operations 1. GPS IFR operations in oceanic areas can be conducted as soon as the proper avionics systems are installed, provided all general requirements are met. A GPS installation with TSO.C129 authorization in class A1, A2, B1, B2, C1, or C2 may be used to replace one of the other approved means of long.range navigation, such as dual INS. (See TBL 1.1.5 and TBL 1.1.6.) A single GPS installa-tion with these classes of equipment which provide RAIM for integrity monitoring may also be used on short oceanic routes which have only required one means of long.range navigation. Navigation Aids 1.1.29 2. GPS domestic en route and terminal IFR operations can be conducted as soon as proper avionics systems are installed, provided all general requirements are met. The avionics necessary to receive all of the ground.based facilities appropriate for the route to the destination airport and any required alternate airport must be installed and operational. Ground.based facilities necessary for these routes must also be operational. |
